tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88819395755883955182024-03-08T17:09:12.098-08:00My Learningwarapornhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10891946445837485498noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8881939575588395518.post-53595361486487753422012-02-14T02:58:00.000-08:002012-02-14T03:00:36.598-08:00ETS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzpvmdeo4bxdBkDfzCgdvyvC64XHMurB7jAdCZZe65GIrMT15apuavvtqvzHduO9VdbFjhSrQDzYUiutNk5pQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>warapornhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10891946445837485498noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8881939575588395518.post-16905722328463970252012-02-14T02:19:00.000-08:002012-02-14T02:19:14.795-08:00การหายใจในเซลล์<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">การสลายสารโมเลกุลของสารอาหารแบบใช้ออกซิเจน</span> (Aerobic respiration) </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> สารอาหารที่เป็นแหล่งของพลังงานคือ คาร์โบไฮเดรต ไขมัน และโปรตีน สารหลักที่เซลล์ใช้เป็นแหล่งพลังงานของเซลล์คือ คาร์โบไฮเดรต โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งน้ำตาลกลูโคส จะเป็นสารสำคัญในการเริ่มปฏิกิริยาการหายใจระดับเซลล์หรือการสลายสารอาหารของเซลล์ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">การสลายกลูโคสจนเสร็จจะได้แก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์และน้ำ เป็นผลผลิตออกมา </span> <span lang="TH">นอกจากนี้ยังมีการปลดปล่อยพลังงานออกมาในรูปของ<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">พลังงานความร้อนและ </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">อีกด้วย การสลายกลูโคสไม่ได้มีเพียงขั้นตอนเดียวแต่จะมีลักษณะเป็นปฏิกิริยา</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">หลายๆ ปฏิกิริยาเชื่อมต่อกัน โดยปฏิกิริยาเหล่านี้จะแบ่งออกได้เป็น </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ขั้นตอนคือ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 1 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไกลโคไลซีส</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(glycolysis) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">การสร้างแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(acetyl CoA) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 3 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">วัฏจักรเครบส์</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Krebs cycle) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 4 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ระบบการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(electron transport system, ETS) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ซึ่งรายละเอียดของปฏิกิริยามีดังนี้ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">1 </span></b><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไกลโคไลซีส </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(glycolysis) </span></b><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> คำว่า ไกลโคไลซีส</span><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(glycolysis)<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">มีความหมายว่าการสลายน้ำตาล กระบวนการนี้ศึกษาโดยนักวิทยาศาสตร์ </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">3 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ท่านคือ เอ็มเด็น</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Emden) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">เมเยอร์ฮอฟ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Meyerhof)</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และพาร์เนส</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(parnas) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จึงได้ชื่ออีกชื่อหนึ่งว่า </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">EMP pathway </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; 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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">การสร้างแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ขั้นตอนนี้เป็นจุดเชื่อมต่อระหว่างไกลโคไลซีสกับวัฏจักรเครบส์ โดยมีกรดไพรูวิกเป็นสารเริ่มต้น กรดไพรูวิกแต่ละโมเลกุลจะผ่านเข้าสู่ไมโทคอนเดรียได้อย่างอิสระและจะทำปฏิกิริยากับโคเอนไซม์เอ</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(coenzyme A) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ได้เป็นแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(acetyl CoA) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ซึ่งมีคาร์บอน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">อะตอม ในปฏิกิริยานี้มีการปลดปล่อยแก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โมเลกุลและเปลี่ยน </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NAD</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+</span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt; position: relative; top: -8pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">เป็น </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NADH + H<sup>+</sup><span lang="TH"> โดยมีเอนไซม์ไพรูเวตดีไฮโดรจีเนสคอมเพลกซ์ </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา โดยขั้นตอนการสร้างแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ แสดงดังภาพ</span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">วัฏจักรเครบส์ </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> วัฎจักรเครบส์ มีชื่อเรียกได้หลายชื่อได้แก่ วัฏจักรของกรดซิตริก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(citric acid cycle) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> หรือ วัฏจักรของกรดไตรคาร์บอกซิลิก</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(tricarboxylic acid cycle) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ผู้ค้นพบคือ เซอร์ฮันส์ อดอล์ฟเครบส์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Sir Hans Adolf Krebs) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">นักชีวเคมีชาวอังกฤษ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">วัฏจักรเครบส์ เป็นกระบวนการที่ต่อเนื่องมาจากการสร้างแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์เอ โดยแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์เอจะรวมตัวกับกรดออกซาโลแอซีติก</span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(oxaloacetic acid) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ซึ่งมีคาร์บอน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">อะตอมเป็นสารตัวใหม่ซึ่งมีคาร์บอน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">6 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> อะตอมคือ กรดซิตริก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(citric acid)</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ซึ่งจะมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงไปอีกหลายขั้นตอนและมีเอนไซม์หลายชนิดเป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">ในขณะเกิดปฏิกิริยาจะมีการดึงแก๊สคาร์บอน ไดออกไซด์ ออกจากกรดซิตริกทำให้คาร์บอนอะตอมของกรดซิตริกลดลงจาก </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">6 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">คาร์บอนอะตอมเป็น </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">5 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">คาร์บอนอะตอมตามลำดับ ซึ่งเมื่อได้สารที่มีคาร์บอนอะตอม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">อะตอม คือกรดออกซาโลแอซีติกก็<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">สามารถรวมตัวกับแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์เอ เป็นกรดซิตริกได้อีก ซึ่งก็จะเกิดการหมุนเวียนเป็นวัฏจักรได้อีก </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">วัฏจักรเครบส์นอกจากจะมีการดึงแก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ออกแล้วยังมีการสร้าง </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NADH + H<sup>+</sup><span lang="TH"> จาก </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NAD</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+</span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">พร้อมทั้งสร้าง </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จาก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">FAD </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และสร้าง </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">GTP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จาก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">GDP + Pi </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">อีกด้วย </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ภาพ</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Cordia New', sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">แสดงวัฏจักรเครบส์ </span><b><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กระบวนการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอน </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ระบบการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอน</span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(electron transport system <span lang="TH">หรือ</span> ETS) <span lang="TH">หรือลูกโซ่การหายใจ </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(respiratory chain) NADH + H<sup>+</sup><span lang="TH"> และ</span> FADH<sub>2</sub> (<span lang="TH">ในสภาพรีดิวซ์</span>) <span lang="TH"> ซึ่งเป็นตัวรับอิเล็กตรอนและไฮโดรเจนจากการสลายกลูโคส ตั้งแต่ขั้นไกลโคไลซีส จนถึง วัฏจักรเครบส์ </span>NADH + H<sup>+</sup><span lang="TH"> และ</span> FADH<sub>2</sub> <span lang="TH">จะถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนของไฮโดรเจนไปยังตัวรับอิเล็กตรอนอื่นๆคือโคเอนไซม์ </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">Q (CoQ) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">b (cyt b) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">c (cyt c) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">a + a<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3 </span></sub>(cyt a + a<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">3</span></sub>) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และออกซิเจนตามลำดับ ในขณะที่มีการถ่ายทอดจะมีการปลดปล่อยพลังงานออกมาด้วย ซึ่งพลังงานที่ปลดปล่อยออกมานี้ถ้าหากเกิน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">7.3 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กิโลแคลอรี ก็สามารถสังเคราะห์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จาก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ADP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">Pi </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ได้ จากการศึกษาพบว่าการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนจาก </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NADH + H<sup>+</sup><span lang="TH"> ไปยัง </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จะมีพลังงานปลดปล่อยออกมา </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">12.2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กิโลแคลอรี จึงสร้าง </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ได้ เช่นเดียวกันการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนจากไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">b </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไปยังไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">c </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">มีการปลดปล่อยพลังงานออกมา </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">9.9 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กิโลแคลอรี และจากไซโทโครม </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">a + a3 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไปยังออกซิเจนจะมีการปลดปล่อยพลังงานออกมาถึง </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">23.8 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กิโลแคลอรี ดังนั้นจึงสามารถสังเคราะห์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จาก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ADP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">Pi </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ได้เช่นกัน ดังภาพ</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; 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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ภาพ</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Cordia New', sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">แสดงกระบวนการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอน</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 15pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBIBPE+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; page-break-before: always;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">สรุปพลังงานที่ได้ในขั้นต่างๆของกระบวนการหายใจโดยใช้ออกซิเจน </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">1. </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไกลโคไลซิส </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e"
filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:173.3pt;margin-top:14.05pt;width:57.45pt;height:0;z-index:4'
o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 230px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 80px; z-index: 4;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="80" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> กลูโคส</span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กรดไพรูวิก </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:173.3pt;
margin-top:20.85pt;width:57.45pt;height:0;z-index:5' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 230px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 80px; z-index: 5;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="80" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กลูโคส </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+ 2ATP +2ADP+ 2Pi + 2 NAD<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup> 2</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กรดไพรูวิก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+ 4ATP + 2 NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ดังนั้น ได้พลังงานในช่วงนี้ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 ATP ( NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ยังไม่ให้พลังงาน</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2. </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">การเปลี่ยนกรดไพรูวิกเป็นแอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:178.65pt;
margin-top:20.75pt;width:57.45pt;height:0;z-index:6' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 237px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 80px; z-index: 6;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="80" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">กรดไพรูวิก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+ 2</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โคเอนไซม์ เอ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+ 2NAD<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup> 2</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">แอซีติลโคเอนไซม์ เอ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+ 2CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 2NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ดังนั้น ไม่ได้พลังงานเลย </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">( NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ยังไม่ให้พลังงาน</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">3. </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">วัฏจักรเครบส์ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:216.95pt;
margin-top:16.2pt;width:37.15pt;height:0;z-index:7' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 288px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 53px; z-index: 7;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="53" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">acetyl Co A </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">+ 6H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O + 2 GDP + 2Pi + 6NAD<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup>+ 2FAD 2GTP + 4CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>+ 6NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup>+ 2FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ดังนั้นได้พลังงาน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 GTP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ซึ่งเท่ากับ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 ATP ( NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">และ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ยังไม่ให้พลังงาน</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4. </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ระบบการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนหรือลูกโซ่การหายใจ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ทั้งหมด </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">10 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โมเลกุล</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">จากขั้นไกลโคไซซีส </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2 NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">ขั้นการเปลี่ยนกรดไพรูวิกเป็น </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">acetyl Co A </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2 NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">และขั้นวัฏจักรเครบส์อีก </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">6 NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup>) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ทั้งหมด </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โมเลกุล </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จากวัฏจักรเครบส์</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงดังนี้ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:178.65pt;
margin-top:18.25pt;width:38.3pt;height:0;z-index:8' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 237px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 54px; z-index: 8;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="54" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">10 NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup>+ 5O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 30ADP + 30Pi 30ATP + 10H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O + 10NAD<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:178.45pt;
margin-top:12.35pt;width:38.3pt;height:0;z-index:9' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 237px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 54px; z-index: 9;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="54" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 2 FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 4ADP + 4Pi 4ATP +2H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O +2FAD <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ดังนั้นพลังงานในระบบถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">= 34 ATP <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">พลังงานที่ได้ทั้งสิ้นในทุกขั้นตอนคือ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2ATP + 2ATP + 34ATP = 38 ATP <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">สรุปสมการการหายใจที่สมบูรณ์ </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:197.8pt;
margin-top:10.05pt;width:70.8pt;height:0;z-index:10' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 97px; z-index: 10;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="97" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> C<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">12</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">6 </span></sub>+ 6O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 38ADP + 38Pi 6CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 6H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O + 38ATP <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ในสิ่งมีชีวิตพวกโพรคาริโอต</span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(procaryote) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">เช่น แบคทีเรีย ไม่มีไมโทคอนเดรีย </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> <span lang="TH">ดังนั้นกระบวนการหายใจจึงเกิดขึ้นในไซโทพลาสซึมของเซลล์ แต่ขั้นตอนการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนจะเกิดขึ้นที่เยื่อหุ้มเซลล์และจะได้พลังงาน </span></span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">38 ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ต่อการสลายกลูโคสอย่างสมบูรณ์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">1 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โมเลกุล ในพวกยูคาริโอต </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">(eucaryote) </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งมีชีวิตที่มีไทโทคอนเดรียการหายใจในช่วงไกลโคไลซีสเกิดขึ้นในไซโทพลาสซึมส่วนวัฏจักรเครบส์และระบบการถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอนจะเกิดขึ้นภายในไมโทคอนเดรีย ดังนั้นจึงต้องมีการนำ </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ใน ไซโทพลาสซึม ซึ่งเกิดจากกระบวนการไกลโคไลซีสเข้าสู่ไมโทคอนเดรียก็มีระบบที่แตกต่างกันบางระบบ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2NADH + H</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+</span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><sup><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt; position: relative; top: -8pt;"> </span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">จะต้องเปลี่ยนเป็น </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> แต่บางระบบก็ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยน ดังนั้น </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2NADH + H</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+</span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> จาก</span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ไซโทพลาสซึมในเซลล์ของพวกยูคาริโอตจึงอาจได้พลังงาน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">4ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">หรือ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">6ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ซึ่งแล้วแต่ระบบการนำ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">2NADH + H</span><sup><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">+</span></sup><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> เข้าสู่ไมโทคอนเดรียของแต่ละเซลล์ ด้วยเหตุนี้จึงทำให้สิ่งมีชีวิตที่เป็นยูคาริโอตจะได้พลังงาน </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">36 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">หรือ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">38 ATP </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">ต่อการสลายกลูโคสอย่างสมบูรณ์ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">1 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">โมเลกุล </span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:138.45pt;
margin-top:12.7pt;width:61.65pt;height:0;z-index:11' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 184px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 85px; z-index: 11;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="85" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> C<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">6</span></sub>H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">12</span></sub>O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">6 </span></sub>+ 6O<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>6CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2 </span></sub>+ 6H<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;">2</span></sub>O + 36 </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 16pt;">หรือ </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 16pt;">38ATP <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="top" width="215"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">กระบวนการ</span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 300.75pt;" valign="top" width="401"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">พลังงาน</span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ใช้ไป</span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">สร้างได้</span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.2pt;" valign="top" width="176"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Cordia New', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">จาก</span><span lang="TH" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">NADH + H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 7.0pt; position: relative; top: -7.0pt;">+ </span></sup></span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Cordia New', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">และ</span><span lang="TH" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'IBICAK+AngsanaNew', serif; font-size: 14pt;">FADH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;">2 </span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Cordia New', sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ในระบบถ่ายทอดอิเล็กตรอ</span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">น<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.7pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">รวม</span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="top" width="215"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">1) <span lang="TH">ไกลโคไลซีส </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t32"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:35.3pt;margin-top:10.15pt;width:14.55pt;
height:0;z-index:12' o:connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 46px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 22px; z-index: 12;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="22" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="TH" style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">กลูโคส</span><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 2<span lang="TH">กรดไพรูวิก </span></span><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.15pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Angsana New","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.2pt;" valign="top" width="176"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Angsana New', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2NADH+H<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.0pt; position: relative; top: -8.0pt;">+ </span></sup>= 4 <span lang="TH">หรือ</span> 6 ATP <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 52.7pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.35pt;" valign="top" width="215"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
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</div>warapornhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10891946445837485498noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8881939575588395518.post-71478792961302028812012-02-14T02:15:00.000-08:002012-02-14T02:15:04.287-08:00ระบบหมุนเวียนเลือด<div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202"
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</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 1;"><span style="height: 730px; left: 2px; position: absolute; top: -43px; width: 1008px;"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">ใบงาน</span></b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">“</span></b><b><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">หมู่เลือดและการให้เลือด</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">”</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> <u>คำสั่ง</u> ให้นักเรียนตอบคำถามให้ถูกต้อง</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">1.</span><span lang="TH"> </span><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">การให้เลือด แพทย์จะให้ให้ทางเส้นเลือดใด .........................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal">2. <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">ผู้บริจาคเลือดได้ ต้องมีอายุตังแต่ .........................ปีขึ้นไป</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">3. โรคที่ติดมากับเลือด เช่น 1)...................................................2)...........................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">4. สารที่ใส่เพื่อป้องกันการแข็งตัวของเลือด คือ ........................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">5. สถานที่เก็บเลือด เรียกว่า ...................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">6. </span>“ Universal Donor” <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">หมายความว่าอย่างไร.........................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">...............................................................................................................</span>..........................</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">7. หมู่เลือดแบ่งตามลักษณะของแอนติเจน ได้แก่ </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> 1)..................................2)..................................3)..................................4)......................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">8. หลักการให้เลือดมีอย่างไร ...................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> ..........................................................................................................................................<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">9. เพราะเหตุใด คนที่มีเลือดหมู่ </span>O <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">จึงสามารถให้เลือดได้ทุกหมู่ ...............................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> ..........................................................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">10. เพราะเหตุใด คนที่มีเลือดหมู่ </span>AB <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">จึงสามารถรับเลือดได้ทุกหมู่ ...........................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> .........................................................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">11.หมู่เลือด </span>Rh หมายถึง <span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">........................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> .........................................................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">12. การให้เลือดหมู่ </span>Rh จ<span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">ะให้เป็นครั้งที่ 2 ได้หรือไม่ เพราะเหตุใด.............................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> ........................................................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">...................................... .......................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">....................................................................................... ......................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">....................................................................................... ......................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";">13. โรคที่เลือดของลูกตกตะกอนและลูกจะตายก่อนเกิด เนื่องจากการมีหมู่เลือด </span>Rh </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="TH" style="font-family: "BrowalliaUPC","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Browallia New"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Browallia New";"> เรียกว่าอะไร ....................................................................................................................</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: BrowalliaUPC, sans-serif; text-align: center;">***************************</span><img alt="mhtml:file://E:\bio%20ภาค%202\หมุนเวียนเลือด\Blood%20Concept%20Map.mht!http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/blood/blood_concept_map.jpg" height="730" src="file:///C:/Users/vcn/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 Picture_x0020_1 _x0000_s1029" width="1008" /><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
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</div>warapornhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10891946445837485498noreply@blogger.com1